XGBoost

Industry-standard gradient boosting that builds trees sequentially, each correcting previous errors.

When to use:

• Kaggle competitions and production systems
• Need top performance
• Have sufficient training data
• Can tune hyperparameters

Strengths: Excellent accuracy, handles missing values, built-in regularization, parallel processing Weaknesses: Many hyperparameters, can overfit, requires tuning

Model Parameters

N Estimators (default: 100) Number of boosting rounds. More = better but slower and may overfit.

Max Depth (default: 6) Maximum tree depth. Controls model complexity.

• 3-5: Shallow, prevents overfitting
• 6-10: Good default
• 10+: Deep, captures complex patterns but may overfit

Learning Rate (default: 0.3) Step size shrinkage. Lower = more conservative = needs more trees.

• 0.01-0.1: Conservative, needs many trees (>500)
• 0.1-0.3: Balanced
• 0.3+: Aggressive, fewer trees needed

Subsample (default: 1.0) Fraction of samples for each tree. <1.0 prevents overfitting.

• 0.5-0.8: Aggressive regularization
• 0.8-1.0: Standard

Colsample Bytree (default: 1.0) Fraction of features for each tree.

• 0.5-0.8: Good for many features
• 0.8-1.0: Standard

Reg Alpha (default: 0) L1 regularization on weights. Higher = more conservative.

Reg Lambda (default: 1) L2 regularization on weights. Higher = more conservative.

Random State (default: 42) Seed for reproducibility.